CBT is recommended as first-line therapy for panic disorder. It can be used alone or in conjunction with pharmacotherapy.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder, which has been linked to many adverse health outcomes including excessive sleepiness, impaired quality of life including daytime alertness, cognitive function, mood, motor vehicle crashes and cardiovascular events. Positive airways pressure (PAP) is the primary treatment modality.

Smoking cessation apps provide behavioural support such as education, motivation and advice on how to quit successfully. These can be used either alone or in combination with pharmacological support and/or counselling.

Inspiratory muscle training using an inspiratory threshold loading device for 2–4 weeks before abdominal or cardiac surgery to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications and associated morbidity.

Modified Valsalva manoeuvre with passive leg elevation and supine positioning at the end of the strain.

Viscous or soluble fibre is present in many forms such as psyllium, guar gum, ground flax seed, beta-glucan, xanthan gum and pectin. Viscous fibre dissolves in water to form a viscous gel in the gut, therefore reducing the rate of nutrient absorption and insulin response, reducing cholesterol absorption, and increasing satiety.

Exercise improves glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes even without any weight loss.